健康生活｜研究狗和猫的癌症以帮助人类：从猫和狗身上推断数据可能是了解人类癌症的捷径
► 全文 7468 字 ｜ 7 图 ｜ 预计阅读时间：10-15 分钟 ◄
自从半个多世纪前人类向癌症宣战以来，医学取得了惊人的进步。
但这只是一个开始。在未来的几年和几十年里，预计会有更多的研究和新发现。
ID: Ling_WSL
<hr/>一种帮助实现这一目标的方法是通过对猫和狗的研究。作为一名肿瘤学教授和兽医医生，很早以前，我们就知道，宠物不仅可以陪伴我们，甚至可以教会我们很多关于如何预防和治疗人类癌症的知识。
One way to help make that happen is through the study of cats and dogs. As a professor of oncology and doctor of veterinary medicine who has been researching cancer in dogs for more than 40 years, I learned long ago that companion animals can teach us an enormous amount about how to prevent and treat cancer in people.
这有很多原因可以证明这一点。家养猫和狗大约有 85% 的 DNA 与人类相同。由于猫狗都与人类密切联系了一万多年，因此也变得容易感染某些相同的疾病。
There are many reasons why this is true. Domesticated cats and dogs share approximately 85 percent of the same DNA as humans. And because both have been intimately associated with people for more than 10,000 years, they have become susceptible to some of the same diseases.
｜猫、狗和人有着惊人的相似之处
Remarkable Similarities In Cats, Dogs And People
几十年来，研究人员已经积累了宠物癌症数据的宝贵资料。这些数据提供了线索——或许还提供了答案——宠物如何以及为什么会得癌症，以及如何控制或摆脱它。
Over decades, researchers have accumulated what is now a treasure trove of cancer data on companion animals. This data holds clues—and perhaps, answers—to how and why pets can get cancer, and how to keep it in check or get rid of it.
但由于猫、狗和人在生物学和栖息地方面的显著相似性，研究人员可能也可以从宠物身上提取数据，并将其推断到人类身上。在那里有机会发现生物医学创新，不仅有利于你的宠物，也有利于你自己。
But because of the remarkable similarities in the biology and habitats of cats, dogs and people, it’s possible researchers can also extract this data on pets and extrapolate it to humans. Therein lies the opportunity to discover biomedical innovations that benefit not only your pet, but you as well.
这种方法将数据输入所需的时间缩短了几十年。因为兽医观察和照顾猫和狗的寿命在大约 10 到 15 年中衰老和死亡。相比之下，从人类的一生中收集类似的数据需要 60 到 100 年.
This approach cuts by decades the amount of time it takes for data to come in. Consider that veterinarians observe and care for cats and dogs as they age and die over a life span of roughly 10 to 15 years. In comparison, gathering similar data from humans over a lifetime takes from 60 to 100 years.
你可能想知道是否同样的信息也能从实验室动物身上收集到。毕竟，几十年来，科学家们一直在从它们那里获取重要数据来开发新产品。但是癌症在实验动物身上是人工诱发的，主要是通过手术或注射；伴侣动物「自然地」患上疾病，而它们提供的数据作为人类研究的前驱时可以反映出更现实的估计。
You may wonder if the same information could be gleaned from laboratory animals. After all, scientists have been obtaining important data from them for decades to develop new products. But cancer is induced in lab animals artificially, primarily through surgeries or injections; companion animals “naturally” develop disease, and data from them reflect more realistic estimates when serving as precursors to investigations in humans.
｜ 狗和猫是「煤矿里的金丝雀」
Dogs And Cats As Canaries In The Coal Mine
癌症是猫狗死亡的主要原因。和人类一样，这种疾病的发展需要很长一段时间，在人类身上产生癌症的条件也同样适用于他们。
Cancer is a leading cause of death for cats and dogs. As with people, the disease develops over a long period of time, and the same conditions that create cancer in humans also apply to them.
科学家们早就注意到，患有黑色素瘤、淋巴瘤和肺癌的狗和人在基因突变和生物变化方面有相似之处。越来越多的兽医、人类医生和癌症科学家正在利用这些共同的特点，为患癌症的宠物狗开发改进的治疗方法。许多研究人员相信，这也将帮助他们为人类开发有效的治疗方法。
Here are some examples: Scientists have long noted the similarities in mutations and biological changes in dogs and people with melanoma, lymphoma, and lung cancers. A growing segment of veterinarians, human medical doctors and cancer scientists are using these shared characteristics to develop improved therapeutics for pet dogs with cancer. Many researchers believe this will help them develop effective treatments for humans as well.
研究表明，接触石棉会导致间皮瘤，这是一种恶性肿瘤，会在狗和人的全身组织内壁形成。吸烟会导致人患肺癌，猫患淋巴瘤，狗患鼻癌。了解如何减少宠物的毒素接触，可以加快使用类似的策略来保持人类健康。
Studies show that asbestos exposure can lead to mesothelioma, a malignant tumor that forms on the lining of tissues throughout the body in both dogs and humans. Tobacco smoke can cause lung cancer in humans, lymphoma in cats and nasal cancers in dogs. Learning how to lessen toxin exposure in companion animals could speed up the use of similar strategies to keep humans healthy.
为实现这一目标，工作正在进行中。在一项研究中，研究人员将硅传感器绑在人和他们的宠物身上，以测量他们在家里和院子里接触杀虫剂和除草剂的水平。人类和他们的宠物之间的接触水平惊人的相似。这项研究表明，我们的宠物可能成为暴露在有害环境的先兆，即所谓的 「煤矿里的金丝雀」。
Work is underway to make this happen. In one study, researchers strapped silicon sensors to people and their pets to measure their exposure levels to pesticides and herbicides in the home and yard. The exposure levels between humans and their pets were strikingly similar. This study suggests our pets may serve as harbingers of harmful environmental exposures - the so-called canary in the coal mine.
科学家们现在开始整合数以百万计的人类和犬类数据集，并在不同物种之间进行比较。最近基因测序技术的快速发展，以及电子病历的激增，也带来了巨大的帮助。
Scientists are now starting to integrate the millions of human and canine datasets now available and compare them across species. The rapid and recent development of genetic sequencing technologies, along with the proliferation of electronic medical records, has also been tremendously helpful.
这些因素将大大加快深入了解伴侣动物和人类的癌症风险因素。对狗的大规模研究已经开始，研究人员收集了动物的基因、环境、生活方式和营养信息。
These factors will greatly accelerate significant insights into cancer risk factors for both companion animals and people. Already, large population studies of dogs have begun, with researchers collecting the animal’s genetic, environmental, lifestyle, and nutritional information.
｜ 与骨癌的联系
The Bone Cancer Connection
如前所述，传统的实验动物并不总是癌症研究的最佳对象。例如，老鼠的免疫系统不像人类的那样复杂；狗和猫的生命更像我们人类的生命。
As previously noted, traditional lab animals don’t always make the best subjects for cancer research. The immune systems of mice and rats, for instance, are not as complex as that of humans; those of dogs and cats are far more like our own.
举个例子：研究人员将一种已经普遍适用于人和狗的降血压药与一种化疗药物结合在一起，这种药物也得到了美国食品和药物管理局 (Food and Drug Administration) 批准了人类和狗的使用。然后他们在患有骨癌的宠物狗身上研究了这种重新改造的药物。结果是如此正面，让医生们在患有骨癌的儿童身上发始了同样的方案。但这项临床研究还不够深入，不能得出任何结论。
One example: Researchers combined a blood pressure medication, already generically available for humans and dogs, with a chemotherapeutic agent, also approved by the Food and Drug Administration for humans and dogs. Then they studied the repurposed product on pet dogs with bone cancer. The results were so positive that doctors initiated the same protocol in children with bone cancer. That clinical study is not yet far enough along to draw any conclusions.
但这个命题是有道理的。人类和狗的骨癌在基因上是难以区别的。如果这种方法有效，它可以将开发治疗儿童骨癌的药物产品所需的时间减少很多年，而且成本会大大降低。
But the proposition makes sense. Bone cancer in humans and dogs is genetically indistinguishable. If this approach works, it could cut by years, and with far less cost, the time it takes to develop a pharmaceutical product to treat children with bone cancer.
经验法则：传统的抗癌新药研发流程至少需要 10 年时间，耗资数十亿美元。但是儿童骨癌临床试验开始了五年左右，只花费了 200 万美元。
A rule of thumb: The traditional pipeline for a new cancer drug is at least 10 years at a cost of billions of dollars. But the bone cancer clinical trial on children began within five years and cost $2 million.
｜ 下一步
What's Next
人与宠物之间的联系不仅仅是物种之间的相似性。现在已经有一个广泛的兽医医疗设施以支持猫和狗的癌症管理。一项不断发展的技术和丰富的跨学科数据可供选择。
The people-pet connection is more than just the similarity in species. An extensive veterinary medical infrastructure now exists to support cats and dogs during cancer management. An ever-burgeoning technology and an abundance of data that crosses disciplines are there for the taking.
然而，我们的知识仍然存在差距，特别是在我们对宠物免疫系统的理解方面。此外，在宠物身上进行临床研究的资金也非常有限。不过，来自美国国立卫生研究院 (National Institutes of Health) 的支持至少解决了其中一些障碍。
However, gaps still exist in our knowledge, particularly regarding our understanding of the immune system of companion animals. Additionally, the funding available to conduct clinical studies in companion animals is severely limited. Support from the National Institutes of Health, however, has been earmaked to overcome at least some of these obstacles.
当科学更进一步了解如何预防和治疗我们的宠物癌症时，我们也可能会将所有物种的癌症死亡率降至低。
When science learns more about how to prevent and treat cancer in our pets, it's likely that we will minimize the burden of cancer for all species.
<hr/>不知道怎么开始变的更好？Not sure how to get started?
无非从身体 OR 灵魂？Body or Soul?
就现在，关注我们公众号Subscribe today,
日更，每天与你同在：健身知识&健康生活Check out our daily pushes,
身体&灵魂，都在路上！Body & Soul, on the road!
文章来源：Popular Science
罗德尼・李・佩奇 (Rodney Lee Page) 是科罗拉多州立大学肿瘤学教授。本文最初发表于 The Conversation 网站。
Rodney Lee Page is a professor of Oncology, Colorado State University. This article as originally published at The Conversation.
<hr/>卫世龗LING 中国健身生活品牌
⧉与 14 亿国人，一起全民健身
⧉身体，灵魂，都在路上
<hr/>⇩ 往期分享 ⇩
健身知识｜训练后恢复的最终指南：健身是训练与恢复的循环，但大多数人不了解怎么复
健康生活｜你永远可以相信健身：治疗精神健康，健身已被证明有助于控制抑郁、焦虑情绪
健康生活｜最基本却最易忽视：8 个你每天在犯的最糟糕饮食禁忌(以及如何改正)
页:
[1]